কমনওয়েলথ অব নেশন্স বা কমনওয়েলথ (Commonwealth of Nations) অতীতে ইংরেজ সাম্রাজ্যভুক্ত ছিল এমন স্বাধীন জাতিসমূহ নিয়ে গঠিত আন্তর্জাতিক সংস্থা। বর্তমানে এই সংস্থার সদস্য সংখ্যা দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার ৩ টি দেশ বাংলাদেশ, ভারত ও পাকিস্তান সহ সর্বমোট ৫৪। সর্বশেষ সদস্য রুয়ান্ডা। এই সংস্থার সচিবালয় লন্ডনে অবস্থিত। ব্রিটেনই এর নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে থাকে। পারস্পরিক স্বার্থসংশ্লিষ্ট বিষয়ে সদস্য রাষ্ট্রগুলোর মধ্যে সহযোগিতা বৃদ্ধির লক্ষ্যে কমনওয়েলথ অব নেশন্স গঠিত হয়।
প্রতিষ্ঠার প্রেক্ষাপট: ১৯২৬ সালের বেলফোর ঘোষণা এবং ১৯২৯ সালের ইম্পেরিয়াল কনফারেন্স।
জেনে নিই
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আমাদের অল-ইন-ওয়ান মোবাইল অ্যাপের মাধ্যমে সীমাহীন শেখার সুযোগ উপভোগ করুন।
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1 x Application (81.36%) | 133ms |
1 x Booting (18.64%) | 30.57ms |
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select `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where `id` = 16765 limit 1
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select `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `show_content`, `num_of_mcq`, `num_of_written`, `des_added_by`, `des_updated_by`, `author_name`, `link_subject_id`, `sub_category_id`, `main_category_id`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description`, `vote`, `view_count`, `icon`, `page_type`, `chapter_name` from `subjects` where (`subjects`.`_lft` between 19147 and 19148) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `id`, `description`, `short_description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (16765) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `id`, `name`, `slug` from `sub_categories` where `sub_categories`.`id` in (4878) and `sub_categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `id`, `user_id`, `completeable_type`, `completeable_id`, `complete_progress`, `is_complete` from `completes` where `completes`.`completeable_id` in (16765) and `completes`.`completeable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Subject'
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select `id`, `name`, `avatar` from `users` where `users`.`id` in (33722) and `users`.`deleted_at` is null
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select * from (select `questions`.`id`, `questions`.`subject_id`, `questions`.`category_id`, `questions`.`sub_category_id`, `questions`.`board_exam_id`, `questions`.`passage_id`, `questions`.`question_type`, `questions`.`question`, `questions`.`is_duplicate`, `questions`.`status`, `questions`.`image`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, row_number() over (partition by `subjectables`.`subject_id` order by `questions`.`created_at` desc) as `laravel_row` from `questions` inner join `subjectables` on `questions`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` where `subjectables`.`subject_id` in (16765) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `questions`.`status` = 'active' and `questions`.`deleted_at` is null) as `laravel_table` where `laravel_row` <= 5 order by `laravel_row`
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select `id`, `name`, `slug` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` in (79) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `subjects`.`id`, `subjects`.`name`, `subjects`.`slug`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` as `pivot_subjectable_id`, `subjectables`.`subject_id` as `pivot_subject_id`, `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` as `pivot_subjectable_type`, `subjectables`.`created_user_id` as `pivot_created_user_id`, `subjectables`.`deleted_at` as `pivot_deleted_at`, `subjectables`.`status` as `pivot_status`, `subjectables`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `subjectables`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `subjects` inner join `subjectables` on `subjects`.`id` = `subjectables`.`subject_id` where `subjectables`.`subjectable_id` in (104711, 219479, 241110, 253157, 253676) and `subjectables`.`subjectable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Question' and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `id`, `title`, `passage` from `passages` where `passages`.`id` in (0) and `passages`.`deleted_at` is null
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select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 16765 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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select `id`, `name`, `slug`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where (19148 between `subjects`.`_lft` and `subjects`.`_rgt` and `subjects`.`id` <> 16765) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null order by `_lft` asc
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select * from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 16765 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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select `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `slug`, `meta_og_title`, `meta_keyword`, `meta_description` from `subjects` where `subjects`.`id` = 16763 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
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select `id`, `description`, `subject_id` from `subject_descriptions` where `subject_descriptions`.`subject_id` in (16763) and `subject_descriptions`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `_lft`, `_rgt` from `subjects` where `id` = 79 limit 1
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select `id`, `name`, `parent_id`, `_lft`, `_rgt`, `name`, `slug`, `icon`, `banner` from `subjects` where (`subjects`.`_lft` between 16791 and 20416) and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null
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select * from `mediables` where `mediable_type` = 'App\\Models\\Subject' and `mediable_id` in (16765)
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select `videos`.`video_src_url`, `mediables`.`mediable_id` as `chapter_id` from `videos` inner join `mediables` on `mediables`.`mediable_id` = `videos`.`id` where `videos`.`id` = 0 and `videos`.`video_src` = 'youtube' and `videos`.`deleted_at` is null
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select `id`, `name`, `main_category_id`, `slug` from `subjects` where `id` <> 16765 and `parent_id` = 16763 and `main_category_id` = 3 and `subjects`.`deleted_at` is null limit 5
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